Quick-Reference Tables

Intervals

Semitones	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Interval	P1	m2	M2	m3	M3	P4	TT	P5	m6	M6	m7	M7	P8

Scales

Scale	Formula
Major (Ionian)	1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Natural minor (Aeolian)	1 2 ♭3 4 5 ♭6 ♭7
Harmonic minor	1 2 ♭3 4 5 ♭6 7
Melodic minor	1 2 ♭3 4 5 6 7
Minor pentatonic	1 ♭3 4 5 ♭7
Major pentatonic	1 2 3 5 6
Blues	1 ♭3 4 ♭5 5 ♭7
Lydian	1 2 3 ♯4 5 6 7
Mixolydian	1 2 3 4 5 6 ♭7
Dorian	1 2 ♭3 4 5 6 ♭7
Phrygian	1 ♭2 ♭3 4 5 ♭6 ♭7
Phrygian dominant	1 ♭2 3 4 5 ♭6 ♭7
Locrian	1 ♭2 ♭3 4 ♭5 ♭6 ♭7

Mode signature notes: Lydian ♯4 · Mixolydian ♭7 · Dorian natural 6 · Phrygian ♭2 · Phrygian dominant ♭2 with major 3

Chords

Chord	Formula
Major	1 3 5
Minor	1 ♭3 5
Diminished	1 ♭3 ♭5
Augmented	1 3 ♯5
Power chord (5)	1 5
sus2, sus4	1 2 5, 1 4 5
add9	1 3 5 9
maj7	1 3 5 7
7 (dominant)	1 3 5 ♭7
m7	1 ♭3 5 ♭7
m7♭5	1 ♭3 ♭5 ♭7
dim7	1 ♭3 ♭5 ♭♭7

Harmony

Topic	Summary
Diatonic chords, major	I ii iii IV V vi vii°
With 7ths	maj7, m7, m7, maj7, 7, m7, m7♭5
Diatonic chords, natural minor	i ii° ♭III iv v ♭VI ♭VII
Harmonic-minor upgrades	V and vii°
Function families	Tonic: I, vi, iii · Subdominant: IV, ii · Dominant: V, vii°
Cadences	V–I authentic · IV–I plagal · to V half · V–vi deceptive
Top borrowed chords in major	iv, ♭VII, ♭VI, ♭III
Secondary dominants in C	A7→Dm, B7→Em, C7→F, D7→G, E7→Am

Keys

Sharps or flats	0	1♯	2♯	3♯	4♯	5♯	1♭	2♭	3♭	4♭
Major key	C	G	D	A	E	B	F	B♭	E♭	A♭
Relative minor	Am	Em	Bm	F♯m	C♯m	G♯m	Dm	Gm	Cm	Fm

Order of sharps: F C G D A E B. Order of flats: B E A D G C F.

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